3.4.5. Clock-Update Procedure 27
3.4.6. Primary-Clock Procedure 28
3.4.7. Initialization Procedures 28
3.4.7.1. Initialization Procedure 29
3.4.7.2. Initialization-Instantiation Procedure 29
3.4.7.3. Receive-Instantiation Procedure 30
3.4.7.4. Primary Clock-Instantiation Procedure 31
3.4.8. Clear Procedure 31
3.4.9. Poll-Update Procedure 32
3.5. Synchronization Distance Procedure 32
3.6. Access Control Issues 33
4. Filtering and Selection Algorithms 34
4.1. Clock-Filter Procedure 35
4.2. Clock-Selection Procedure 36
4.2.1. Intersection Algorithm 36
5. Local Clocks 40
5.1. Fuzzball Implementation 41
5.2. Gradual Phase Adjustments 42
5.3. Step Phase Adjustments 43
5.4. Implementation Issues 44
6. Acknowledgments 45
7. References 46
A. Appendix A. NTP Data Format - Version 3 50
B. Appendix B. NTP Control Messages 53
B.1. NTP Control Message Format 54
B.2. Status Words 56
B.2.1. System Status Word 56
B.2.2. Peer Status Word 57
B.2.3. Clock Status Word 58
B.2.4. Error Status Word 58
B.3. Commands 59
C. Appendix C. Authentication Issues 61
C.1. NTP Authentication Mechanism 62
C.2. NTP Authentication Procedures 63
C.2.1. Encrypt Procedure 63
4.2.2. Clustering Algorithm 38
C.2.2. Decrypt Procedure 64
C.2.3. Control-Message Procedures 65
D. Appendix D. Differences from Previous Versions. 66
E. Appendix E. The NTP Timescale and its Chronometry 70
E.1. Introduction 70
E.2. Primary Frequency and Time Standards 70
E.3. Time and Frequency Dissemination 72
E.4. Calendar Systems 74
E.5. The Modified Julian Day System 75
E.6. Determination of Frequency 76
E.7. Determination of Time and Leap Seconds 76
E.8. The NTP Timescale and Reckoning with UTC 78
F. Appendix F. The NTP Clock-Combining Algorithm 80
F.1. Introduction 80
F.2. Determining Time and Frequency 80
F.3. Clock Modelling 81
F.4. Development of a Composite Timescale 81
F.5. Application to NTP 84
F.6. Clock-Combining Procedure 84
G. Appendix G. Computer Clock Modelling and Analysis 86
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