RFC4081 - Security Threats for Next Steps in Signaling (NSIS)

                   Figure 2: Possible NSIS Relationships

   End-to-Middle Communications:

      The scenario in which one NSIS entity involved is an end-entity
      (Initiator or Responder) and the other entity is any intermediate
      hop other than the immediately adjacent peer is typically called
      the end-to-middle scenario (see Figure 2).  A motivation for
      including this scenario can, for example, be found in SIP
      [RFC3261].

      An example of end-to-middle interaction might be an explicit
      authorization from the NSIS Initiator to some intermediate node.
      Threats specific to this scenario may be introduced by some
      intermediate NSIS hops that are not allowed to eavesdrop or modify
      certain objects.

   Middle-to-Middle Communications:

      Middle-to-middle communication refers to the exchange of
      information between two non-neighboring NSIS nodes along the path.
      Intermediate NSIS hops may have to deal with specific security
      threats that do not involve the NSIS Initiator or the NSIS
      Responder directly.

   End-to-End Communications:

      NSIS aims to signal information from an Initiator to some NSIS
      nodes along the path to a data receiver.  In the case of
      end-to-end NSIS signaling, the last node is the NSIS Responder, as
      it is the data receiver.  The NSIS protocol suite is not an
      end-to-end protocol used to exchange information purely between
      end hosts.

      Typically, it is not required to protect NSIS messages

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